The Greek Empire lasted between the years 750 BC to 146BC. It is generally considered to be the seminal culture which provided the foundation of Western Civilization. Greek culture has a powerful influence on the Roman Empire, which carried a version of it to many parts of Europe. The Civilization of the ancient Greeks has been immensely influential on the language, politics, educational systems, philosophy, science, and arts, giving rise to the Renaissance in Western Europe and again resurgent during various neo-Classical revivals in 18th and 19th century Eurpoe and the Americas.
Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula in the 9th century DB to a large empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. In its 12 centuries of existence, Roman civilization shifted from a monarchy to a republic based on a combination of oligarchy and democracy, to an autocratic empire. It came to dominate Western Europe and the area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea through conquest and assimilation.
Both Aztecs and Mayans were known as Mesoamerican civilisations, and originated from Central Mexico and Columbia respectively. The Aztecs achieved both political and military dominance in the region between the 14th and 16th centuries. The Maya civilisation was known for its spectacular art, amazing architecture and sophisticated mathematical and astronomical systems. They established themselves as an empire in 1800 BC and finally went into collapse in the 8th and 9th centuries for reason which are still debated today.
The civilization if ancient Egypt developed over more than three millennia. It begtan with the political unification of the major Nile Valley cultures under one ruler, the first pharaoh (3150 BC), and led to a series of golden ages known as Kingdoms. The Kingdoms were separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods. After the end of the loast golden age, the civilization of ancient Egypt entered a period of slow, steady decline when Egypt was conquered by a succession of foreign adversaries. The power of the pharaohs officially ended in 31 BC, when the early Roman Empire conquered Egypt and made it a province of the Empire.
Cleopatra was a Hellenistic co-ruler of Egypt with her father and later with her brothers/husbands Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV. She later became the supreme ruler of Egypt as Pharaoh and consummated a liaison with Julius Caesar that solidified her grip on the throne. After Caesar's assassination she aligned with Mark Antony with whom she produced twins. Her reign marks the end of the Hellenistic Era and the beginning of the Roman Era in the eastern Mediterranean. She was the last Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.